Until that point, we thought of diabetes as just a condition that for some people was associated with depression. But depression is a very different condition to diabetes-related distress. And what this paper showed us was that the everyday burden of living with diabetes is challenging for many, many people. Hi, I'm Jane Speight. I’m the foundation director of the Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes (ABCRD), which is a partnership between Diabetes Victoria and Deakin University in Australia. The game changing paper that I'd like to discuss with you is the “Assessment of diabetes-related distress” by Bill Polonsky and colleagues, published in Diabetes Care in 1995. So, 28 years ago, we knew very little about diabetes distress. In fact, it wasn't even a concept that anyone was talking about at the time. that anyone was talking about at the time. But what Bill and his colleagues did in that study was to identify that the impact that diabetes has on the mental health of people with diabetes is not just depression or anxiety, it's not a general mental health condition. This is the impact of diabetes on people's emotional well-being. It's the frustration, the anxieties, the worries and concerns, the everyday burdens of living with diabetes that become the challenge of that. And that's what the negative impact is on people's emotional well-being. It comes directly from the worries about having a hypo, or the conversations that people have with their partners or their families about diabetes, or their concerns about the future and their risk of complications. So there's many, many different aspects of diabetes-related distress. And the reasons that this was a game changer was because, until that point, we thought of diabetes as just a condition that for some people was associated with depression. But depression is a very different condition to diabetes-related distress. to diabetes-related distress. And what this paper showed us was that the everyday burden of living with diabetes is challenging for many, many people. This isn't a mental health condition that only applies to a small number of people. Actually, diabetes distress is something that anyone with diabetes can experience at any point in their lives with diabetes. And it has ups and downs. It comes and goes with changes in treatments or the onset of new complications or other aspects that are going on in people's lives. So diabetes distress has really changed the way that we think about what it's like to live with diabetes. And there's been a huge amount of research over the last quarter of a century that's really helped us to understand what it's like for people to live with diabetes and the daily burdens that they face with that.