The whole idea of giving immunotherapy to people with type 1 diabetes seemed to be outrageous for a lot of people. They thought, this is far too dangerous. We have insulin, which is not dangerous at all, everyone tells me, but it is a very dangerous drug. And so this was a big, big step. Hello. I’m Colin Dayan. I’m an adult diabetes physician in the UK and professor of clinical diabetes and metabolism at Cardiff University, and a senior researcher at Oxford University. So the paper I want to share is a paper by Kevin Harold in 2019, in the New England Journal of Medicine, when for the first time, he described the prevention of type 1 diabetes with teplizumab. Kevin actually contacted me a few months before it was actually published. He was beside himself with excitement about the data, and I was beside myself with excitement about the data when he told me about it. So what he’d done, which I thought was immensely brave, is he used an immunotherapy that we’re now more familiar with, teplizumab, an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, and he gave it to young people, so that’s children and adults from the age of eight, with pre-type 1 diabetes. So these were people who are well. They didn’t need insulin. They were not on any therapy. They didn’t even know they were unwell. They only knew because they were screened through the TrialNet process to know that they had autoantibodies and they were progressing towards type 1 diabetes. At that time, the whole idea of giving immunotherapy to people with type 1 diabetes seemed to be outrageous for a lot of people. They thought this is far too dangerous. We have insulin, which is not dangerous at all, everyone tells me, but it is a very dangerous drug. And so this was a big, big step. But then to give it to people who were actually well was a huge step to persuade people to do right across the country, across the US and in Europe as well, and then to follow these people up. And what happened was that, as we know now, that it delayed the onset of type 1 diabetes by around two to three years. That was the first time that ever been achieved.