Module 1: Phenotypic variability in type 2 diabetes

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Play the video to watch Professor Stefano Del Prato introduce the module

I’m Stefano Del Prato and I’m Professor of Endocrinology at the University of Pisa, where I’m also the local chief of the diabetes section. Now, over the last few years, there’s been more and more interest in personalising the treatment of type 2 diabetes individuals and people with diabetes in general.

People with type 2 diabetes exhibit a huge variety of characteristics, making understanding the condition in phenotypic terms a complex business. This module highlights just how important such efforts are to the pursuit of patient-centred care and precision medicine.

Learning outcomes

By the end of this module, you will be able to:

Explain the potential treatment implications of phenotyping for type 2 diabetes and the importance of patient-centred care in shared therapeutic decision making

Explain the role of genotyping for patients with type 2 diabetes and the treatment options for people diagnosed with monogenic subtypes of diabetes

Examine the HbA1c and ABCD of glycaemia management in type 2 diabetes and the role of biomarkers in the management of type 2 diabetes

Contributors

Author

Stefano Del Prato is a retired Professor of Endocrinology and Metabolism at the School of Medicine, University of Pisa and Chief of the Section of Diabetes of the Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy. Currently he is affiliate Professor of Medicine at the Interdisciplinary Research Center "Health Science" of the Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa. He graduated MD cum laude from the University of Padova and undertook post-graduate specialisation in both Endocrinology and Internal Medicine.

Professor Del Prato’s research interests have always been concerned with diabetes and, in particular, the physiopathology and therapy of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance syndrome.

He is a member of many societies and associations, including the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), the American Diabetes Association, and the International Diabetes Federation. He acts as referee for all major journals and has served on the Editorial Boards for the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Care, and the Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, and Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research.

Professor Del Prato has published over 531 articles in national and international journals and has been awarded several honours, including the Prize of the Italian Society of Diabetology for outstanding scientific activity. Having served as Vice-President of the EASD from 2011-14, he became President from 2020-2022. He also served as President of Italian Society of Diabetology (2012-14) and as Chairman of the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (2015-19) and is currently president of the European Diabetes Forum.

Duality of Interest: Professor Del Prato has received research support/grants from Astra Zeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim and speaker’s fees/honoraria from Astra Zeneca, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly and Co, Menarini, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. He has also received payments for membership of boards/advisory panels from Abbott, Amarin, Applied Therapeutics, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Eli Lilly & Co, Hengrui Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi and Sun Pharmaceuticals together with consultancy payments from Menarini.

Date: Autumn 2023

Contribution to the EASD e-Learning programme

Course: Phenotypic variability

Module 1: Phenotypic variability in type 2 diabetes:
Author

Author

Eleanor Kennedy has a BSc in Biochemistry from the University of Glasgow in Scotland and a PhD in molecular neuropharmacology from the University of Leicester in England. Following three years as a postdoctoral student at the University of California, San Diego, working on thrombin-mediated gene expression in the brain, Dr Kennedy worked at the University of Geneva in Switzerland studying the intracellular signalling pathways that stimulate insulin secretion.

She subsequently undertook a full-time MBA at Cranfield School of Management, which was followed by four years as Research Manager and Director at Diabetes UK. Since 2005, she has run her own company – ED Kennedy Consulting Ltd – and has worked for a wide range of clients. These include the NIHR Diabetes Research Network, the NIHR Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Network, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, Diabetes UK, the Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation, the Diabetes Wellness Network Sweden, the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Department of Health and the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes.

With over a decade of teaching experience with the Open University and in running diabetes diploma initiatives with the British Medical Journal and in setting up other blended learning projects for clients in the Middle East, Eleanor also continues to be a regular contributor to diabetes publications covering research and development for lay and specialist audiences.

In 2018, Dr Kennedy was commissioned to create and build the platform for the EASD’s e-learning programme and continues this work today as Programme Director for the project.

Duality of interest: None declared
Date: Winter 2023

Contribution to the EASD e-Learning programme

Course: Management of type 1 diabetes in adults

Module 1: ADA/EASD 2021 consensus report:
Author

Course: Multimorbidity and diabetes

Module 1: Type 1 diabetes and comorbidity:
Author

Module 2: Diabetes in an ageing society - the role of multimorbidity:
Author

Course: Lifestyle intervention

Module 1: Understanding the causes of type 2 diabetes and how to achieve remission:
Author

Module 2: Promoting physical activity for people with diabetes: an overview:
Author

Course: Beta cell biology

Module 1: Stimulus-secretion coupling in pancreatic beta cells:
Author

Module 2: Epigenetics and the beta cell:
Author

Module 3: Exocytosis in pancreatic beta cells and its role in type 2 diabetes:
Author

Course: Patient education and support

Module 1: An introduction to patient education in diabetes:
Author

Course: Diabetic neuropathy

Module 1: Screening and diagnosis of painful diabetic neuropathy:
Author

Module 2: Pathophysiology and treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy:
Author

Module 3: Management of painful diabetic neuropathy:
Author

Course: Metabolic surgery

Module 1: Mechanisms of metabolic surgery:
Author

Module 2: Metabolic surgery for obesity and type 2 diabetes:
Author

Course: Hypoglycaemia

Module 1: Reducing hypoglycaemia:
Author

Module 2: Hypoglycaemia in older people:
Author

Module 3: Fear of hypoglycaemia:
Author

Course: Obesity and diabetes

Module 1: Obesity and the pathogenesis and outcomes of type 2 diabetes:
Author

Course: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Module 1: NAFLD — epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis:
Author

Module 2: NAFLD — prevention and treatment:
Author

Course: Real-world evidence

Module 1: An introduction to real-world evidence:
Author

Course: Insulin resistance

Module 1: Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes:
Author

Course: Therapeutic inertia

Module 1: Therapeutic inertia in primary care:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 2: Therapeutic inertia in type 2 diabetes:
Author

Course: Diabetes and the Hajj

Module 1: Practical management of diabetes during Hajj:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 2: Diabetes, Hajj and COVID-19:
Author

Course: GLP-1 receptor agonists

Module 1: Understanding GLP-1 receptor agonists and their modes of action:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 2: GLP-1 and cardiovascular disease:
Author

Module 3: GLP-1 and obesity, NAFLD and NASH:
Author

Course: Islet transplantation

Module 1: An introduction to islet transplantation:
Author

Module 2: Pancreas and islet transplantation:
Author

Module 3: Patient journeys in islet transplantation:
Author

Course: Phenotypic variability

Module 1: Phenotypic variability in type 2 diabetes:
Author

Course: Diabetic ketoacidosis

Module 1: Pathophysiology and diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 2: Managing diabetic ketoacidosis in adults:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 3: Preventing diabetic ketoacidosis:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 4: Paediatric diabetic ketoacidosis:
Author

Course: Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes

Module 1: Incidence and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes:
Author, Assessment setter

Course: Cardiovascular health and diabetes

Module 1: Diabetes and cardiovascular disease:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 2: Cardiovascular risk and glycaemic control:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 3: Cardiovascular outcomes in trials for the newer glucose-lowering therapies:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 4: The cardiovascular benefits of lowering cholesterol:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 5: Investigating cardiovascular risk factors:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 6: Cardiovascular disease — the Steno-2 trial:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 7: Heart failure on trial – DAPA-HF and EMPEROR-Reduced:
Author

Course: Diabetic foot disease

Module 1: Diabetic foot disease — an overview:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 2: Neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease –how to save the limb:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 3: A look to the future:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 4: A surgical viewpoint:
Author, Assessment setter

Course: Technology and type 1 diabetes

Module 1: Basics of insulin pumping:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 2: Continuous glucose monitoring:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 3: Closed-loop systems:
Author, Assessment setter

Course: Diabetes and the kidney

Module 1: Overview of diabetes and the kidney:
Author

Module 2: Diagnosing diabetic kidney disease:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 3: Treatment modalities:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 4: Monitoring and follow up:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 5: Diabetic kidney disease and other complications:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 6: The later stages of diabetic kidney disease – prevention, delay and management:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 7: Tips and tricks for the use of ACE inhibitors, ARBs and SGLT-2 inhibitors:
Author, Assessment setter

Course: The pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes

Module 1: Introduction to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 2: Arresting type 1 diabetes:
Author

Course: Pregestational diabetes in pregnancy

Module 1: Introduction and overview:
Author

Module 2: Preconception care:
Author

Module 3: Post-conception care:
Author

Course: Time in range

Module 1: Time in range - a new concept in glycaemic management:
Author

Course: Adjunct therapies

Module 1: Rationale for adjunct therapies:
Author

Module 2: Different adjunct therapies:
Author

Course: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

Module 1: GDM, diagnosis and screening:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 2: Initial management and pharmacotherapy of GDM:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 3: GDM labour, delivery and post-partum follow-up:
Author

Course: Diabetes and Ramadan

Module 1: Introduction to diabetes and Ramadan:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 2: Physiology of fasting and the effects of Ramadan on people with diabetes:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 3: Risk stratification and education in people with diabetes fasting during Ramadan:
Author

Module 4: Managing diabetes during Ramadan:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 5: New guidelines on fasting during Ramadan for young people with diabetes:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 6: Using continuous glucose monitoring to guide diabetes management during Ramadan:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 7: Applying ADA/EASD recommendations to the management of type 2 diabetes during Ramadan:
Author

Module 8: COVID-19, diabetes and Ramadan:
Author

Course: Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes

Module 1: ADA/EASD 2022 consensus report – background, rationale and components of care:
Author

Module 1: ADA/EASD 2018 consensus report:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 2: ADA/EASD 2019 update:
Author, Assessment setter

Course: SGLT-2 inhibitors

Module 1: History and mode of action of the drug class (OLD):
Author

Module 1: Introducing SGLT-2 inhibitors: history and mode of action:
Author

Module 2: Efficacy and safety (OLD):
Author

Module 2: Efficacy and safety of SGLT-2 inhibitors:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 3: Cardiovascular outcomes (OLD):
Author, Assessment setter

Module 3: SGLT-2 inhibitors for renal protection in diabetes:
Author

Module 4: SGLT-2 inhibitors and type 1 diabetes (OLD):
Author, Assessment setter

Module 4: SGLT-2 inhibitors and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 5: Renal outcomes (CREDENCE trial) (OLD):
Author

Module 6: Cardiovascular outcomes update (including the DECLARE-TIMI 58 trial) (OLD):
Author, Assessment setter

Module 7: Tips and tricks in the use of SGLT inhibitors in type 1 diabetes (OLD):
Author

Module 8: The VERTIS CV trial (OLD):
Author, Assessment setter

Module 9: Renal outcomes clinical trials update (OLD):
Author

Expert reviewer

David Matthews trained at the University of Oxford (BA, BM, BCh, MA and DPhil). He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) and Hon DM (honoris causa) of Aristotle University, Thessaloniki.

Professor Matthews has devoted his life to diabetes – combining clinical care, teaching and research. His studies have focused on type 2 diabetes, including insulin secretion and action, insulin resistance, mathematical modelling of insulin resistance and the analysis of pulsatile insulin (and other hormones, especially growth hormone) using time-series analysis. He has been part of, and led, many trials in diabetes.

As well as having given many lectures worldwide, his medical teaching and assessment experience includes organising and running the MRCP Part 1 course at Central Middlesex Hospital and lectures on diabetes at the Oxford Medical School. He was Director of Medical Studies at Harris Manchester College (1996-2008) and instituted and directed the Robert Turner Post-graduate course (residential) at Oxford until 2019.

He was deputy co-ordinator and member of the Executive and Policy Advisory Committees of the UK Prospective Study of Diabetes (UKPDS) and founder member of the Oxford Health Alliance, a multiple stakeholder collaboration to address and prevent chronic illness. He was a Senior Investigator with the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR); co-director (2005-2013) of the National Diabetes Research Network (UKDRN), which was managed jointly by Imperial College London and Oxford University. He was chair of the joint EASD and ADA guideline committees (2012 and 2015); co-chair of the CANVAS and CANVAS-R studies; chair of the Steering committee of the VERIFY trial. He is on the steering committee for the FOCUS trial.

He raised the funding for, and oversaw the building of the Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), of which he was the first Chairman (1999-2013). Over the course of his career he has authored more than 358 peer-reviewed publications (citations: >100,000 [Nov 2023]; H index: 98). He has also undertaken peer review for many top-ranking journals, including Diabetes, Diabetes Care, Diabetologia and the Lancet, and is on the Editorial Board for Diabetic Medicine. He delivered the 2010 Banting lecture for Diabetes UK, for whom he also served as Chair of the Grants Committee. He is a past President of the EASD.

Duality of Interest: Professor Matthews lectures for Novartis, Merck, Sanofi and Servier and is a steering committee member of FOCUS (Novo Nordisk), payments for this work are less than 5,000 Euros.
Date: Winter 2023

Contribution to the EASD e-Learning programme

Course: Insulin resistance

Module 1: Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes:
Expert reviewer

Course: Phenotypic variability

Module 1: Phenotypic variability in type 2 diabetes:
Expert reviewer

Course: SGLT-2 inhibitors

Module 1: History and mode of action of the drug class (OLD):
Author, Assessment setter

Module 1: Introducing SGLT-2 inhibitors: history and mode of action:
Author, Assessment setter

Module 2: Efficacy and safety (OLD):
Author

Module 2: Efficacy and safety of SGLT-2 inhibitors:
Author

Module 3: Cardiovascular outcomes (OLD):
Author, Assessment setter

Module 4: SGLT-2 inhibitors and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes:
Assessment setter

Assessment setter

Sabine Kahl completed her medical training at Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany in 2008. In parallel, she performed her doctoral training at the Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology of Saarland University, exploring the L-type calcium channel β2 proteins and their influence on calcium current in murine heart, graduating with distinction in 2009. She continued her career at the Medical Faculty and University Hospital of Düsseldorf as well as at the Institute for Clinical Diabetology at the German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf and joined the research group ‘Energy Metabolism’ led by Professor Michael Roden in 2016. She is currently the deputy head of the group.

In 2020, Dr Kahl completed her board certification in clinical pharmacology. Her research interests include the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes and its concomitant diseases, with particular focus on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). She has authored more than 20 publications in international journals and has received a number of awards for her work. Dr Kahl teaches medical students at the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf in the area of diabetes and comorbidities and also supervises medical doctoral theses.

Duality of Interest: Dr Kahl has received research support/grants from the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.) and the German Diabetes Association (DDG)

Date: Autumn 2022

Contribution to the EASD e-Learning programme

Course: Beta cell biology

Module 1: Stimulus-secretion coupling in pancreatic beta cells:
Assessment setter

Course: Metabolic surgery

Module 1: Mechanisms of metabolic surgery:
Assessment setter

Module 2: Metabolic surgery for obesity and type 2 diabetes:
Assessment setter

Course: Obesity and diabetes

Module 1: Obesity and the pathogenesis and outcomes of type 2 diabetes:
Assessment setter

Course: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Module 1: NAFLD — epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis:
Assessment setter

Module 2: NAFLD — prevention and treatment:
Assessment setter

Course: Insulin resistance

Module 1: Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes:
Assessment setter

Course: GLP-1 receptor agonists

Module 1: Understanding GLP-1 receptor agonists and their modes of action:
Assessment setter

Module 3: GLP-1 and obesity, NAFLD and NASH:
Assessment setter

Course: Islet transplantation

Module 2: Pancreas and islet transplantation:
Assessment setter

Module 3: Patient journeys in islet transplantation:
Assessment setter

Course: Phenotypic variability

Module 1: Phenotypic variability in type 2 diabetes:
Assessment setter

Assessment setter

Yanislava Karusheva undertook her medical training at Charite Berlin, Germany, and the Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria. She is a clinician scientist at the Institute for Clinical Diabetology of the German Diabetes Center in Düsseldorf, Germany. She is currently working as a visiting clinical academic fellow at the Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and the Addenbrooke’s Hospital in Cambridge under the guidance of Professor Sir Stephen O’Rahilly. Her interests include clinical nutrition and metabolism, insulin resistance, obesity treatment and deep metabolic phenotyping. In 2018, Dr Karusheva completed the EASD Robert Turner Course in Oxford. In 2021, she received the Hans Adolf Krebs Award of the German Nutrition Society, the DDG Sponsorship Award of the German Diabetes Association and the Walter Benjamin Scholarship of the German Research Foundation for her fellowship in Cambridge. Her most recent research focuses on the different roles of GDF15 and rare diseases.

Duality of Interest: None declared
Date: Autumn 2023

Contribution to the EASD e-Learning programme

Course: Beta cell biology

Module 2: Epigenetics and the beta cell:
Assessment setter

Course: Diabetic neuropathy

Module 2: Pathophysiology and treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy:
Assessment setter

Module 3: Management of painful diabetic neuropathy:
Assessment setter

Course: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Module 1: NAFLD — epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis:
Assessment setter

Module 2: NAFLD — prevention and treatment:
Assessment setter

Course: Insulin resistance

Module 1: Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes:
Assessment setter

Course: Therapeutic inertia

Module 2: Therapeutic inertia in type 2 diabetes:
Assessment setter

Course: GLP-1 receptor agonists

Module 1: Understanding GLP-1 receptor agonists and their modes of action:
Assessment setter

Module 2: GLP-1 and cardiovascular disease:
Assessment setter

Module 3: GLP-1 and obesity, NAFLD and NASH:
Assessment setter

Course: Islet transplantation

Module 2: Pancreas and islet transplantation:
Assessment setter

Module 3: Patient journeys in islet transplantation:
Assessment setter

Course: Phenotypic variability

Module 1: Phenotypic variability in type 2 diabetes:
Assessment setter

Course: Diabetic foot disease

Module 1: Diabetic foot disease — an overview:
Assessment setter

Module 2: Neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease –how to save the limb:
Assessment setter

Module 4: A surgical viewpoint:
Assessment setter

Course: The pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes

Module 2: Arresting type 1 diabetes:
Assessment setter

Course: Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes

Module 1: ADA/EASD 2022 consensus report – background, rationale and components of care:
Assessment setter

Assessment setter

Kalliopi Pafili underwent medical training at the University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece, graduating in 2013 with honours. She completed her doctoral thesis under the supervision of Professor Nikolaos Papanas in 2018 with honours. She has then worked as assistant physician in the Department of Internal Medicine of the Medical University of Alexandroupolis, Greece and as clinician scientist in the research group Energy Metabolism, headed by Professor Michael Roden at the Institute for Clinical Diabetology of the German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany. Since 2022, she is now working as assistant physician in the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology (Director Professor Roden) of the Medical Faculty and University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine University in Düsseldorf, Germany. Her research has led to 47 publications listed in PubMed and aims to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and progression of insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in humans. This work currently focusses on hepatic and adipose tissue energy metabolism, glucose and lipid fluxes. Dr. Pafili is also interested in clinical education and teaching medical students and junior colleagues in diabetes mellitus and other endocrinological disorders.

Duality of Interest: None declared
Date: Autumn 2022

Contribution to the EASD e-Learning programme

Course: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Module 1: NAFLD — epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis:
Assessment setter

Module 2: NAFLD — prevention and treatment:
Assessment setter

Course: Phenotypic variability

Module 1: Phenotypic variability in type 2 diabetes:
Assessment setter

Assessment setter

Muhammad Fahad Arshad is a Diabetes and Endocrinology Specialist and Clinical research fellow at the University of Sheffield. His research interests include hypoglcycaemia in diabetes, hyponatraemia, parathyroid and adrenal disorders.

Dr Arshad has been awarded a national Leadership and Development award from the Society for Endocrinology. He serves as an examiner for the Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board (PLAB) exam conducted by the General Medical Council, as well as a member of the Specialty Certificate Exam (SCE) in Endocrinology question-writing group.

Duality of Interest: None declared
Date: Winter 2023

Contribution to the EASD e-Learning programme

Course: Management of type 1 diabetes in adults

Module 1: ADA/EASD 2021 consensus report:
Assessment setter

Course: Multimorbidity and diabetes

Module 2: Diabetes in an ageing society - the role of multimorbidity:
Assessment setter

Course: Lifestyle intervention

Module 1: Understanding the causes of type 2 diabetes and how to achieve remission:
Assessment setter

Course: Beta cell biology

Module 1: Stimulus-secretion coupling in pancreatic beta cells:
Assessment setter

Module 2: Epigenetics and the beta cell:
Assessment setter

Course: Therapeutic inertia

Module 2: Therapeutic inertia in type 2 diabetes:
Assessment setter

Course: Diabetes and the Hajj

Module 2: Diabetes, Hajj and COVID-19:
Assessment setter

Course: Islet transplantation

Module 2: Pancreas and islet transplantation:
Assessment setter

Course: Phenotypic variability

Module 1: Phenotypic variability in type 2 diabetes:
Assessment setter

Course: Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes

Module 1: Incidence and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes:
Assessment setter

Course: Cardiovascular health and diabetes

Module 1: Diabetes and cardiovascular disease:
Assessment setter

Module 5: Investigating cardiovascular risk factors:
Assessment setter

Module 6: Cardiovascular disease — the Steno-2 trial:
Assessment setter

Course: Diabetic foot disease

Module 2: Neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease –how to save the limb:
Assessment setter

Course: Diabetes and the kidney

Module 1: Overview of diabetes and the kidney:
Assessment setter

Module 2: Diagnosing diabetic kidney disease:
Assessment setter

Module 3: Treatment modalities:
Assessment setter

Module 4: Monitoring and follow up:
Assessment setter

Module 5: Diabetic kidney disease and other complications:
Assessment setter

Module 7: Tips and tricks for the use of ACE inhibitors, ARBs and SGLT-2 inhibitors:
Assessment setter

Course: Adjunct therapies

Module 1: Rationale for adjunct therapies:
Assessment setter

Module 2: Different adjunct therapies:
Assessment setter

Course: Diabetes and Ramadan

Module 1: Introduction to diabetes and Ramadan:
Assessment setter

Module 4: Managing diabetes during Ramadan:
Assessment setter

Module 6: Using continuous glucose monitoring to guide diabetes management during Ramadan:
Assessment setter

Course: SGLT-2 inhibitors

Module 3: SGLT-2 inhibitors for renal protection in diabetes:
Assessment setter

Module 5: Renal outcomes (CREDENCE trial) (OLD):
Assessment setter

Module 9: Renal outcomes clinical trials update (OLD):
Assessment setter

Launch date: Autumn 2020 (version 1)
Updated: Spring 2023 (version 4)

Module duration: 2 hours

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