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What makes things even more complicated is the fact that there is a lot of overlap between these genetic variants and some of the phenotypes that we are looking for. For instance, you can have genetic variants that are associated with alteration in the patient’s glucose concentration, but they can also be associated with insulin resistance. And vice versa, you may have genetic variants that are associated with impairment in the beta cell function but also with alteration in the adverse tissue metabolism. And to make things even more complicated, this very variable, heterogeneous genetic background is going to interact with the environment.
“There is a lot overlap between genetic variants and some of the phenotypes we are looking at”

 

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Prasad RB, Groop L. Genetics of type 2 diabetes-pitfalls and possibilities. Genes (Basel). 2015 Mar 12;6(1):87-123.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25774817

Udler MS, McCarthy MI, Florez JC, Mahajan A. Genetic Risk Scores for Diabetes Diagnosis and Precision Medicine. Endocr Rev. 2019 Dec 1;40(6):1500-1520.